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25,367 results
  1. 9301Legal documentENA 3795.8

    Recto: Legal document. In the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe. […] Two lines are crossed out, mentioning an item worth approximately 10 dirhams. (Information in part from Goitein’s index card)

    1 Transcription 1 Discussion

    • recto
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  2. 9302Legal documentENA NS 19.13

    Legal document. In the hand of Mevorakh b. Natan (active 1150–81 CE). […] In addition, "I have rented myself to him to work . . . every day for 3 dirhams for a period of 4 years starting with the date of this contract . . . ." Also mentions Zayn al-Kohen the son of the sister of al-Kohen al-Dhabbāḥ (the slaughterer), who may be the guarantor.

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  3. 9303LetterENA NS 38.9

    Letter from a parent, unknown location, to a son, in Fustat/Cairo. […] The writer asks if he received the 10 reals that she sent him with Yehuda Canbiador (קאנבייאדור, the money changer). The writer mentions the daughters of their baʿal ha-bayit (לאש מוגאגאש די מי בעל הבית)—perhaps meaning her husband, but this is not completely clear.

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  4. 9304LetterMoss. II,163.1

    Letter from a woman to a female family member. In Judaeo-Arabic. Mentions: Ibn al-Rayyis Abū l-B[arakāt] (=Shelomo b.

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  5. 9305LetterMoss. IV,1

    Memorandum by Khalfa b. Ishaq b. Menahem from Alexandria, to Nahray b. […] One of Nahray’s assistants added several details about the shipment in the bottom of the letter. Nahray wrote on the other side account details regarding Khalfa b.

    recto

    1. תדכרה מחבך וואדך כלפה בן יצחק בן מנחם ננ

    2. יאכי וסידי יאבא יחיי נהראי סלמך אללה ואבקאך בעת

    3. אליך עלי ידי סידי אלשיך [א]בי סחק ברהון בן אסחק …

    recto

    1. תזכיר של אוהבך וידידך, כלפה בן יצחק בן מנחם נ"נ.
    2. אחי ואדוני, אבו יחיא נהוראי, ייתן לך אלוהים שלום וחיים. נשלחו
    3. אליך על ידי אדוני ורבי אבו אסחק…

    Tags

    2 Transcriptions 2 Translations 1 Discussion

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  6. 9306LetterMoss. IV,79

    Letter from Barhūn b. Isḥāq al-Tāhartī, from al-Mahdiyya, to Nahray b. […] They both also buy goods. The writer mentions a business collaboration with Abū Naṣr Ḥesed al-Tustarī and a partnership with Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Raḥman in trading gems. Mentions goods being transported on a war ship, "markab ḥarbī".

    Recto

    1. כתאבי יאכי וסידי אלעזיז עלי אטאל אללה בקאך ואדאם סלאמתך וסעאדתך וציאנתך רצרף אל
    2. אסוא ענך ברחמתה ער'ב' ראש השנה דרכך אללה אמתאלה סנין כתירה ואש…

    recto

    1. אני כותב לך, אחי ואדוני היקר לי, ייתן לך אלוהים אריכות ימים ויתמיד את שלומך ואת אושרך ואת הגנתו עליך ויסלק ממך
    2. כל רע ברחמיו, ערב ראש השנה, יוד…

    2 Transcriptions 1 Translation 1 Discussion

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  7. 9307LetterPER H 17.2

    Letter from a European Jew whose ship sank en route on his way to fulfill a vow to visit Jerusalem, and lost all his belongings by jettisoning. […] (Mark Cohen, Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt, 120; and S. D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society, 1:323, 483) EMS

    1. תפול נא תחינתי לפני קהל הקדוש המרחמים על אחיהם
    2. המחזיקים ידי נבוכים את צרתי וצערי אגיד לפניכם מה ש[גרמו
    3. לי בעוונותי הרבים נדרתי לילך לירושלים ונכנסתי…

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    1 Transcription 1 Discussion

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  8. 9308LetterT-S 10J30.10

    Letter from Dāʾūd, the muqaddam of Bilbays, to Eliyyahu the Judge. […] He describes how he saved an estate of an Alexandrian woman (who died in Bilbays) from confiscation by the government. He also mentions the arrival of Ibn al-Maqdisī from Gaza together with a convert, and he hopes to study Qiddushin with Ibn al-Maqdisī. […] Eliyyahu for writing exercises in which he praises and blesses himself; see See Amir Ashur, "A Memorial list of Elijah b. Zechariah’s family: T-S 10J18.2" (Fragment of the Month, December 2020).

    Recto:

    1. אלממלוך אלאצגר
    2. דאוד
    3. בש רח
    4. וצל כתאב אלמולאי אלואלד אלאגל
    5. אלמתפצל אלדיין אלבארע אלעאלם אלפאצל
    6. מורינו ורבנו אליהו הדיין המשכיל
    7. החכם והנבון שצ וק…

    Tags

    2 Transcriptions 1 Discussion

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  9. 9309LetterT-S 12.31

    Letter sent from a village to the capital asking for news and discussing shipments as well as what appear to be seasonal laborers. […] The writer complains he had to buy one young man clothes at a price far higher than the usual half dinar and states that he would hire him again were he to accept the same terms of employment as other young men of his type. (Information from Mediterranean Society, I, p. 98.)

    Recto:

    1. בשמך רח
    2. תקדמת כתבי אלי חצרה מולאי אלשיך אלאגל אלואלד [ . . . . ] אללה [ . . .
    3. כמא לא אשך בוקופה עליהא ואלדי אוגב אצדאר הדה אלאחרף תוגה
    4. מיכאל …

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    1 Transcription 1 Discussion

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  10. 9310Legal documentT-S 18J1.23

    (Information from Mediterranean Society, III, p. 259) Recto: Legal document recording that Sitt al-Husn, daughter of Saadya, sought a gold tiara ('isaba) that she had pawned to the recently-deceased physician Abu al-Murajja b. […] (Information from Mediterranean Society, III, 487)

    1. חצר אלינא אנן חתומי מטה אלשיך
    2. אבו אלחסן בן כגק מ ור נתנאל ראש
    3. הקהילות וקאל לנא והו פי צחה
    4. עקלה וגואז אמרה טאיע מן גיר
    5. קהר ולא גבר אשהדו עליי
    6. ואקנו מ…

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    1 Transcription

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  11. 9311List or tableT-S 20.112

    List of receivers of loaves of bread, similar to T-S 24.76 (PGPID 4578) (S.D Goitein, Mediterranean Society, II, App. B 1) and ENA 2713.26 (PGPID 4532), in the same hand having many names and figures in common with it. […] It represents partly the left and partly the lower part of App. B, 52 (T-S 18J2.4). […] (Information from Goitein's index cards and Mediterranean Society, 2:439, 453, App. B 2a and B 52) EMS

    1. ]...........
    2. ].מ..ז? אל....
    3. ].אלטאריה ו'
    4. ]ל........ה'
    5. ....]ד' יוסף [.
    6. .....].....
    7. .....].....
    8. ]מכת[........
    9. .....]...[....
    10. ]ח' א]סמעיל ..
    11. ]א....ה[..…

    Tags

    1 Transcription 1 Discussion

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  12. 9312LetterT-S Ar.18(1).50

    F. 1r: Draft of letters, one to Abū l-Faḍl Sahl (maybe al-Tustarī?). […] Abū […] and Shela b. Yehoshuaʿ are also mentioned. F. 1v: catena of biblical verses, such as Proverbs 9:10, 22:29 and 24:5, probably for epistolary purposes. […] “To my master the Great (Gadol [ha-Yeshiva]), from his slave Natan: Hey man, why did you forget about me and not talk to your parents on my behalf? May your peace increase.”

    1 Discussion

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  13. 9313LetterT-S Ar.42.45

    Fol. 2: Private letter in Arabic script, chancery-esque script. Dating: Probably late Ayyubid or Mamlūk based on paleographical grounds. […] Addressed to 'the dear boy Naṣr al-Dawla' and mentions another person with an official-sounding title, Wafiyy al-Dawla. […] appears again in l. 6 of the main text). Probably mentions something in relation to the market, "من اجود ما يامر في السوق".

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  14. 9314Legal documentT-S Misc.28.79.7 + T-S Misc.28.79.11

    P7 + P11: Legal document in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe (fl. 1100–1138 CE). […] Tamīm ha-Kohen will be the active partner, traveling to Yemen and importing merchandise to Egypt. Someone titled Rosh ha-Qehillot will invest money into the shared capital (khulṭa).

    T-S Misc.28.79 7r

    1. פיהא אלתלת כחסב מא גרת בה [
    2. הקהלות דנן אלתלתי ואשרט[..] לה עלי נפסי אנני א[
    3. כלטה דרהם ואחד לא[. .]פקד שי מן שי וגמיע מ[
    4. פאידתה כלט…

    Tags

    1 Transcription

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  15. 9315Legal documentYevr. II A 1270

    Eliʿazar Nasīya commits to pay a debt of 3,500 medin on a monthly basis to the three partners: Moshe Zilo(?) […] The list of partners ends with the descriptor "mey Bnei Mishnah," thus listing Shelomo as Rabbanite or perhaps all three partners. The formulae and usage of Hebrew in this document reflect shared features of both Karaite and Rabbanite legal documents from the early modern period, although the script and paper usage align clearly with Karaite scribal traditions in Cairo.

    Recto

    1. בהיות שמקודם לכן היה משא ומתן בין היקר ר׳ ברוך נשיא יצ׳׳ו בכ׳׳ר אליעזר נשיא נ׳׳ע ובין
    2. שלשת השותפים היקרים והם ר׳ משה זלו יצ׳׳ו ור׳ אליא שאמי י…

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    1 Transcription

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  16. 9316Legal documentYevr.-Arab. I 1700.8

    Legal record (#14). Deposition in court. Dated: Thursday, 25 Iyyar 1467 Seleucid. […] Witnesses: Ḥiyya b. Yiṣḥaq; Efrayim b. Meshullam; Shelomo ha-Kohen b. Yehuda. See next record (Yevr.

    No Scholarship Records

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  17. 9317Legal documentYevr.-Arab. II 1412

    Legal document. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dated: Monday night, 3 Iyyar 1740 Seleucid, which is 1429 CE. […] It might be related to a "Dār al-Nakhla" in Ḥārat Zuwayla, mentioned in deed from the late 13th century (PGPID 40228). […] (Information in part from Goitein, Med Soc II, p. 435 (Appendix A, #174)) ASE MY

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    1 Discussion

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  18. 9318LetterBodl. MS heb. c 28/62

    Letter from Moshe b. Yefet/Ḥasan to the ḥaver ʿEli b. […] Ḥasan (the scribe of this letter); and Shelomo b. Ḥasan. On verso (apart from the completion of the letter and the address), there are two additional validations, confirming that the sender of the letter, Moshe b. […] ʿAmram and the second by Yaḥyā(?) b. ʿAmram ha-Levi. (Information in part from Goitein’s index card.)

    1 Transcription

    • 62 recto
    • 62 verso
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  19. 9319LetterENA NS 17.20

    Letter in Judaeo-Arabic. Addressed to the Nagid Moshe b. […] Netanʾel ha-Levi (otherwise known to have held the title Gaʾon) and that this letter must have been written after the death of the Nagid Shemuel b. […] “one of the pegs on which a person must hang himself (an yataʿallaqa bi-hā),” a translation of the maxim from the Talmud Yerushalmi “Fortunate is he whose ancestors earned merit for him, for he has a peg (yated) on which to hang himself (lehitalot).”

    No Scholarship Records

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  20. 9320LetterT-S 10J17.16

    Letter to the Gaon Sar Shalom ha-Levi, head of the Palestinian yeshiva (in office ca. 1170–71 and 1173–95), in which the muqaddam of Qalyub (the handwriting is that of Moshe b. Levi ha-Levi) excuses himself from appearing in person on account of his illness. […] Goitein reconstructs thata the Gaon ordered an inquiry because the family had moved from one place to another. From the letter we learn that the family moved to Qalyub, the mother died there, the girl's sister was married to a freedman, and her brother had moved from Qalyub to the Manufiyya district, where he embraced Islam.

    1. אלממלוך יקבל אלארץ בין ידי הדרת יקרת
    2. צפירת תפארת הוד ועטרת וצניף כותרת
    3. מר ור אד גאונינו שר שלום הלוי הגאון
    4. ראש ישיבת גאון יעקב אשר אהב
    5. סלה וינהי אנה…

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    1 Transcription 1 Discussion

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  21. 9321LetterT-S NS J370

    Letter from Moshe b. Levi ha-Levi (d. 1212), probably in Qalyūb, to his father Abū Sahl Levi, in Fustat. […] This may be the largest letter of Moshe b. Levi's in the Geniza. Dating: Probably ca. 1190s. He opens with a complaint about the state of his income as a slaughterer. He asks his family members to go to the warehouse in Fustat and retrieve many goods for him.

    recto

    1. עבדו יצחק
    2. בש רח
    3. קד וצל אלי אלממלוך אלמכאתבה
    4. אלשריפה והו כט מ ור יוסף
    5. ביר שבתי זצל וקראה אלממלוך
    6. ופהם מא פיה ואמתתלת
    7. דלך ובעד דלך קד סיר אלממלך…

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    2 Transcriptions

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  22. 9322Legal documentT-S Misc.29.24

    ʿEli the Jew acquires the lease of a plot of land in Fusṭāṭ from Abū l-Futūḥ Ghālib b. […] ʿEli the Jewish sawduster, transfers the leasehold of the property sold on recto to his son ʿAlī, by way of his uncle Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b.

    Recto

    1. بســــــــــــــــم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله وصلواته على سيدنا محمد رسوله واله وسلامه
    2. هذا ما استاجر افرایم بن عالي الاسرائيلي من أبي الفتو…
    The acknowledgement by the lessor granting the ḥikr and of the lessee undertaking the ḥikr of what is contained herein was  witnessed, after it had been read to them and they had acknowledged  [understanding it ]
  23. in sound health, their actions being legal and acting willingly.

  24. Tags

    1 Transcription 1 Translation 1 Discussion

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  25. 9323LetterAIU VII.D.18

    Official letter in Hebrew. Dating: Uncertain, probably no earlier than 16th century. Addresses the members of 'the holy congregation,' exhorting them about something to do with money and halakha and a certain Zekharya.

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  26. 9324List or tableBodl. MS heb. d 65/36

    Business accounts, mentioning goods from India, myrobalan, and pepper, among many other things. On recto: Letter from Khalfūn b. Benaya(?) to Abū Zikrī Yaḥyā b.

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    • 36 verso
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  27. 9325LetterENA 2741.6

    Letter of condolence from Saʿadya b. Ṣadaqa ha-Ḥazzan, probably in Minyat Zifta. […] The addressee's son may be named Fayyāḍ. Also mentions Abū Faraj b. Avraham.

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  28. 9326LetterENA 2805.23

    Letter from Yeshu'a b. Ismāʿīl al-Mahmuri, Alexandria, to Nahray b. Nissim, Fustat. Mentions the safe arrival of (probably) relatives to Fustat; a female slave who was sold in Alexandria, and instructions for the coming winter dealing mostly with wheat and oil.

    recto

    1. בש רח

    2. תקדמת כתבי לחצרה מולאי גדול החברים אטאל אללה

    3. בק[א]ה ואדאם עזה ותאידה ונעמתה אעלמת מא וצל

    4. אלי מן שדה אלוחשה אסל אללה קרב אלגמע עלי…

    recto

    1. (2−1) בשר"ח. כתבתי לך לפני כן מכתבים, הדרת אדוני גדול החברים, ייתן לך אלוהים אריכות
    2. ימים ויתמיד את גדולתך ואת עזרתו ואת חסדו לך, והודעתיך בה…

    Tags

    3 Transcriptions 1 Translation

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  29. 9327List or tableENA 4197.1

    Accounts in Judaeo-Arabic and western Arabic numerals. Late, at least 16th-century given the Ottoman Turkish titles that are listed. A variety of of names are mentioned throughout the accounts such as: (recto) Aḥmad al-Mīʿmār (the architect), Muṣtafa[?]

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  30. 9328LetterENA NS 12.20

    Business letter addressed to Abū l-Khayr b. Mufaḍḍal al-Yahūdī al-Bilbaysī(?)[…] Consists almost entirely of detailed business instructions, mentioning many commodities and their prices.

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  31. 9329LetterENA NS 29.22

    Letter in Judaeo-Arabic. Dated: 1 Tammuz 5499 AM, which is 1739 CE. This shelfmark was previously listed with the date 1 Tammuz 5439, but the third alphanumeral is clearly צ rather than ל in התצט. Mentions several people, including Yaʿaqov b. Ḥabīb.

    Tags

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  32. 9330List or tableENA NS 46.25

    In the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe ha-Levi (fl. 1100–1138 CE). A date in the month of Nisan is given but the year is missing in the lower entry.

    Tags

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    • recto
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  33. 9331Legal documentENA NS 76.13

    Bookbinding with several mirror-image imprints of Hebrew text, including one legal document issued in the city of DM[...] (=Damascus? […] Seleucid, corresponding to the range 1388–1488 CE. Mentions Seʿadel b. Avraham, [Mo?]she b. Mukhliṣ, and David b.

    No Scholarship Records

    • recto
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  34. 9332LetterENA NS 77.287

    Starts with a basmala and ḥamdala and mentions al-Najm al-Yahūdī. " بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله كثيرا ..للنجم اليهودي" . Recto has one line of not very legible Arabic script, reused for Hebrew script.

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  35. 9333Legal documentENA NS 77.359

    Fragment from a collection of legal formularies in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe (1100–38 CE).

    1. ]ה גאריה ויעתקהא ויתזוגהא
    2. ] פל אמר לקדמנא דנפלא גבאי
    3. ] שנית וחזיתי בה אורחין דתקנן
    4. ] דבנות ישראל בכל מילי דמחייבין
    5. ה]דלקת הנר ובדקית יתה במילי

    1 Transcription 1 Translation

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  36. 9334LetterENA NS I.27

    Letter from a father to his daughter. In Judaeo-Arabic. […] who will use it to buy wheat for the family. Mentions an old woman (the daughter's mother) twice.

    No Scholarship Records

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  37. 9335LetterMoss. IV,68.1

    Letter of appeal for charity addressed to Rabbenu Ḥananel. […] On verso is another note in Judaeo-Arabic mentioning ha-Zaqen ha-Yaqar, but too faded to read much else.

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  38. 9336Legal documentMoss. VII,42.1

    Legal document. Hand of Natan b. Shemuel? Location: Fustat. […] ʿAdiyya ha-Zaqen and a debt of 3.5 dinars. Dating: Mentions the start of some period in Heshvan 1459 Seleucid, which is 1147/1148 CE.

    No Scholarship Records

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  39. 9337Legal documentMoss. VII,97.2

    Legal document, probably a transfer of property, in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe (fl. 1100-1138 CE). Sitt al-Dār has appointed her husband Ṣedaqa as her agent.

    No Scholarship Records

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  40. 9338LetterMoss. VII,177

    Letter from Yeshua b. Isma’il al-Makhmuri from Alexandria to Nahray b. […] Regarding silk and flax. Mentions that his brother’ son (his nephew) had great damage.

    recto

    1. כתאבי אטאל אללה בקא מולאי אלחבר הגדול גדול הישיבה ואדאם עזה ותאידה ונעמאה

    2. מן אלאסכנדריה לט כלון מן מרחשון ערפה אללה ברכתה וסעאדה מא יליה בר…

    recto

    1. אני כותב לך, אדוני החבר גדול הישיבה, ייתן לך אלוהים אריכות ימים ויתמיד את גדולתך ואת עזרתו ואת חסדיו לך,
    2. מאלכסנדריה, בט' במרחשון, יודיעך אלוהי…

    Tags

    2 Transcriptions 1 Translation 1 Discussion

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  41. 9339LetterT-S 6J4.29

    Letter to Avraham Maimuni (ha-Nagid) from Yehuda Melammed b.

    Recto:

    1. עבד הדרתו הנכסף לראותו
    2. יהודה המלמד ביר אהרן הרופא סט
    3. עמאני
    4. בשמ רחמ
    5. יענך ייי ביום צרה
    6. מתהלך בתומו צדיק וג
    7. ותגזר אומר ויקם לך [וג
    8. אל הדרת יקרת …

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  42. 9340LetterT-S 8J18.13

    Letter from Avraham b. Faraḥ from Alexandria, to ʿAyyāsh b. […] Regarding shipping fabrics and sending dinars to Fustat for exchange. Also mentions other shipments of goods, including of crocus.

    recto

    1. בסם אללה אלעטים

    2. כתאבי יאסידי ומולאי אטאל אללה מקאך ואדאם עזך ותאידך וסעאדתך וסלאמתך ונעמאך מן אלאסכנרריה סלך

    3. תשרי ואלחאל סלאמה ונעמה ואלח…

    recto

    1. (2−1) בשם אלוהים הנורא. אני כותב לך, אדוני ורבי, ייתן לך אלוהים אריכות ימים ויתמיד את גדולתך ואת עזרתו לך ואת אושרך ואת שלומך ואת חסדיו לך, מא…

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  43. 9341LetterT-S 10J16.29

    Letter from Yaḥyā Mizraḥī in Alexandria to Binyamin de Curiel. Dated 27 Av [55]99 AM = 1838 CE, this nineteenth-century dating is confirmed by the paleography. Mentioning people including Nissim, Salmūn, Umm Avraham, Yaʿaqov M[...], Shelomo and תנתן (?).

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  44. 9342Legal documentT-S 10J28.3

    Upper part of a legal document. Abū l-Ḥasan b. Abū Mansur al-Kohen, known as Ibn Qasāsa, receives from Avraham b. Masliah and Elʿazar b. Menaḥem one dinar each and releases them from claims.

    1. שהדותא דהות באנפנא אנן שהדי דחתימין שהדותנא לתחתא בשטרא
    2. דנן כן הוה חצר אלינא [מר] אבו אלחסן בן אבי מנצור אלכהן דידיע בן קסאסא
    3. וקאל לנא אשהדו עליי ו[…

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  45. 9343Legal documentT-S 12.463

    Legal document fragment, probably late 11th century, since witnessed by Yakhin b. […] Other witnesses: Shemuel b. Mevorakh; Avraham [...]; and Maṣliaḥ [...]. Verso contains a few jottings in Arabic and Judaeo-Arabic.

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  46. 9344Legal documentT-S 12.638

    Fragment from the bottom of a legal document on parchment. Faded and damaged. Probably a ketubba, dating to the 13th century or later, based on the menstrual purity clause . . .

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  47. 9345LetterT-S 13J10.2

    Letter from Saʿadya b. Berakhot ha-Melammed to Berakhot ha-Nadiv.

    1. בש רח
    2. אני אדע אשר חטאי ירחק תשועתי ל./ב/ל תבוא לנגדי
    3. ומני נחשבו טובות להיטיב אלי נפשי ולא אשמח בחלדי
    4. ועץ חיים בעת כי בא בארצי מנעני עון בצעי ומרדי
    5. ל…

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  48. 9346LetterT-S 13J13.19

    Letter from Mūsā (or Musallaḥ?) b. Ṣāliḥ to an unknown addressee. […] Geoffrey Khan, “The Historical Development of the Structure of Medieval Arabic Petitions,” BSOAS, 53:1 (1990), 21).

    Arabic:

    1. [עבדה] מוסא . בן צאלח
    2. אלבגדאדי
    3. דודי שכלולו יצריח: ואהלו יפריח: בכתר כילולו:
    4. והוא מבין ונעלם יאמצנו: ויהי בעזרו ויחלצינו רבות עוז
    5. יקר וה/י/לו…

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  49. 9347Legal documentT-S 16.49

    Pen trials in various hands, including signatures, biblical phrases and a note dated Tevet 1397 (= 1085 CE) with the names Mevorakh b. Mufarrij ha-Kohen (vocalised) and Ṣedaqa b. […] (Information from CUDL) Interestingly, this note was written a century after the legal document on recto.

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  50. 9348LetterT-S 18J3.24

    Letter in Ladino from Sidon from Joseph b. Joyya and Masʿūd Bunan to Abraham Monson and Judah Aseo in Cairo concerning community financial matters. Dated 28 Nisan 5518 AM (= 1758 CE). Mentions Abraham del Bedere and Abraham Sagri. (Information from CUDL)

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  51. 9349LetterT-S 24.32

    Letter of appeal for charity from Ḥasday b. Mevorakh b.

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  52. 9350LetterT-S Ar.42.153

    Letter of appeal for charity. In Arabic script. Written in two columns. Asking the addressee to exchange the writer's possessions for food. Mentions Abū ʿAlī al-Parnas and the judge Efrayim.

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